The author of the "New York Times" online version pointed out that the United States occupies a dominant position in the field of artificial intelligence. Although China and the United States still have a certain gap in this area, but with the rapid development of Chinese artificial intelligence technology, this gap is changing. It's getting smaller and smaller. The following is a summary of the article:
Robert O. Work, a senior defense official left behind by US President Trump as Deputy Secretary of Defense, called them "his artificial intelligence guys." Under this relaxed title, they have a serious task: These guys are similar to a cabinet, when Walker seeks to advise him by introducing artificial intelligence into the battlefield to reshape the war.
Walker recalled in an interview that he had asked in the spring of last year, "You guys are the smartest guys in the artificial intelligence field, right?" But they told him, "The smartest people are on Facebook and Google."
Today, they are also increasingly appearing in China. Artificial intelligence is widely regarded as a key factor in the next generation of war, and the United States no longer occupies the strategic monopoly position of this technology.
When the Pentagon plans to introduce artificial intelligence into the military, Chinese researchers are also developing independently in this emerging technology field. The surprising commercial development of Chinese companies in the field of artificial intelligence is reflecting this change.
For example, Microsoft researchers said last year that the company has developed software that is comparable to human speech understanding. Although they boast that the software has outperformed its competitors’ competitors, celebrities in the artificial intelligence field at Baidu’s Silicon Valley Lab have dismissed it. He emphasized that Baidu achieved similar accuracy in Chinese two years ago.
In short, when the United States began implementing a new military strategy based on the assumption that it continues to dominate such technologies as robotics and artificial intelligence, the country is facing challenges from China.
Former United States President Barack Obama's Defense Minister Ashton B. Carter announced for the first time last year that the Third Offset strategy provides a face-off for competition with China and Russia. The plan to maintain military superiority when it revives.
In the 1960s, the United States took advantage of its superior position in nuclear weapons technology to occupy a military advantage. In the 1970s, based on new silicon technologies such as computer chips, this leading position was transferred to the field of smart weapons. Today, US leaders plan to maintain this military advantage by vigorously developing artificial intelligence and automatic control of weapons.
However, the balance of global technological forces is changing. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the United States has been meticulously caring for its own advantages. In the field of computers and applied science and technology, the United States has been at the forefront of the world and has carefully maintained its leading position through military secrets and export controls.
In the late 1980s, the emergence of inexpensive and readily available microchips subverted the Pentagon’s ability to control technological progress. Today, new technologies are increasingly emerging from consumer electronics companies rather than the military and advanced corporate laboratories. In short, companies that produce computers with the fastest computing speed now also produce gifts under the Christmas tree.
With the move of consumer electronics manufacturing to Asia, Chinese companies and government laboratories have invested heavily in artificial intelligence.
Microsoft's senior artificial intelligence expert Lu Qi left Microsoft last month and joined Baidu as chief operating officer, highlighting China's progress in the field of artificial intelligence. Lu Qi will be responsible for Baidu’s grand plan to become a global leader in artificial intelligence.
Tencent, a developer of mobile app WeChat, has created an artificial intelligence laboratory and started investing in American artificial intelligence companies. China's rapid progress in the area of ​​artificial intelligence has led US military strategy experts and technical experts to debate whether China is only mimicking advanced technology or is engaged in independent innovation that will soon surpass the United States.
“Chinese leaders are thinking more and more about how to ensure that they are competitive in the next wave of technology,†said Adam Segal, an expert on emerging technology and national security issues at the Council on Foreign Relations.
The China Daily reported in August last year that China has been developing a cruise missile system with "high-level" artificial intelligence. The new system appears to be a response to the United States Navy’s plan to deploy a missile in 2018 in order to counter China’s growing military influence in the Pacific region. This long-range anti-ship missile (LRASM) was described as a "semi-automatic" weapon. The Pentagon claims that this means that although the soldiers will choose to attack the target, the missile will use artificial intelligence technology to avoid the defense and make the final attack decision.
John Arquilla, a military strategist at the Monterey Naval Postgraduate School in California, said that China’s new weapons embody a strategy called “distance war.†The idea of ​​the strategy is to attack the enemies of larger ships, such as aircraft carriers, by creating large fleets of small vessels that deploy missiles. "China is making its own machine more creative, and a little bit of automation allows the machine to be greatly improved," he said.
In the United States, the topic of whether China can quickly catch up with the United States in artificial intelligence and robotics has been widely discussed and there are great differences.
Bai Enda, chief scientist of Baidu, said that the United States may be somewhat short-sighted and self-confident, and do not understand the speed of China's competition. "A lot of times, China and other countries are inventing something at the same time, or first invented in China, and later spread overseas. But the US media only reports on U.S. news, which makes people misunderstand that these ideas are in the United States. Appeared," he said.
The HKUST Newsletter is an important example of China’s progress being largely unreported in the United States. The artificial intelligence company focused on speech recognition and natural language understanding and won awards in a number of international speech synthesis and translation of Chinese and English texts. The company claims to be working with the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology to develop a "humanoid answering robot." “The goal is to let it go to the college entrance examination in the near future and be accepted by key universities,†said Liu Qingfeng, chairman of HKUST News.
Compared with artificial intelligence researchers in the United States and Europe, the speed of Chinese technologists deserves attention. In April of last year, Wu Gansha, who was the head of the Intel China Research Institute, chose to leave and set up a team of researchers from Intel and Google to start a driverless car company. Last month, the Uisee Technology company achieved its goal nearly nine months after its establishment: it showcased the company’s products at the International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. Concept cars.
Wu Gansha said, “The artificial intelligence technologies in our vehicles, including machine vision, sensor fusion, planning and control, are all developed independently. Each line of code is written by us.†The car is aimed at controlled environments such as universities and corporate campuses. The ultimate goal is to design a shared driverless taxi fleet.
The United States’ view of China’s development may begin to change. In October last year, a White House report on artificial intelligence mentioned in many places that the number of research papers published by Chinese scholars has exceeded the number of American counterparts. However, some scientists still say that the number of academic papers does not help us to understand the state of innovation. There are indications that China has only recently begun to focus on the development of artificial intelligence technology in military systems. Abhijit Singh, an Indian naval weapons expert and former Indian military officer at the New Delhi Observer’s Research Foundation, said: “I think that although China has made progress in the field of artificial intelligence, the perception with the United States remains large.â€
However, Chinese technicians directly involved in artificial intelligence research have different opinions. “Chinese essay writers are a powerful force in the field of artificial intelligence, and their status has improved significantly in the past five years, which is undoubtedly,†said Li Kaifu, who played an important role in Microsoft and Google China Research Labs. Bo) said. As a venture capital investor investing in start-up companies in China and the United States, Li Kaifu admitted that the United States remains the leading country in the field of artificial intelligence, but the gap between China and the United States is continuously narrowing.
Li Kaifu’s company innovation workshop recently raised 675 million U.S. dollars to invest in artificial intelligence start-ups in China and the United States. "An example of playing chess," he said, "we may think that most of the grandmasters in artificial intelligence are still in North America, but China has more and more masters of scientists."
One thing is uncontroversial: Silicon Valley and China are closely linked in investment and research. The openness of the US artificial intelligence research community also means that the most advanced technologies can be used by China. In addition to creating research institutes similar to the Baidu Silicon Valley Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Chinese citizens, including civil servants, are regularly visiting the United States to attend Stanford University's artificial intelligence courses.
Stanford Professor Richard Socher said that Chinese people can easily distinguish because after the first few weeks, his students often skip classes and choose to watch video lectures. And China’s attending students will continue to attend class and sit in the front row of the classroom.
Artificial intelligence is just a microcosm of China’s rapid advancement in cutting-edge technology. Last year, China also launched the world's fastest supercomputer, the "Light of the Sunway Taihu Lake," replacing the other Chinese model that was once the fastest in the world. This new supercomputer is considered to be part of China's extensive initiative to promote innovation, aiming to get rid of the role of equipment and parts originally designed as a manufacturing center for the United States and other countries.
In order to reflect the willingness to become an innovation center, the processor of this supercomputer is designed by China. The previous supercomputer "Tianhe II" used Intel-developed Xeon processors. After the "Tianhe 2" was put into practical use, the United States issued a ban on China's relevant chip exports in order to limit China's development in the field of supercomputers. Like other supercomputers in the world, "Tianhe-2" has multiple uses and is not a direct military challenge in itself. For example, it can be used to model climate change conditions or to perform large-scale dataset analysis.
There is a relatively harmonious relationship between the Chinese government and commercial technology projects, and this is not the case in the United States. The Pentagon recently reactivated its Defense Innovation Unit Experimental Group at its beachhead in Silicon Valley to reflect on the outsourcing practices of US government bureaucracies in light of the more rapid and changing style of Silicon Valley. However, many Silicon Valley companies are still not willing to go too close to the Pentagon, because this approach will make themselves lose their eligibility to enter the Chinese market.
The ONU in EPON adopts the mature technology Ethernet protocol, which can realize low-cost Ethernet layer 2 and layer 3 switching functions. This kind of ONU can provide shared high bandwidth for multiple end users through cascading. In the communication process, no protocol conversion is needed, and the transparent transmission of user data can be realized. ONU also supports other traditional TDM protocols without increasing the complexity of design and operation.
The OLT and all ONUs in EPON are managed by the network element management system, and the network element management system provides the operating interface with the core network of the service provider. The scope of network element management involves fault management, configuration management, billing management, performance management, and security management.
working principle:
1. Downstream data stream uses time division multiplexing (TDM) technology
During the transmission of the EPON signal, the downstream data is broadcast from the OLT to multiple ONUs. According to the IEEE802.3 protocol, the length of these data packets is variable, and the longest can reach 1518 bytes. Each data packet has its own destination address information, that is to say, the header of each packet indicates whether the data is for ONU1, ONU2 or ONUn. In addition, some packets can be sent to all ONUs, called broadcast packets, and some are sent to a special group of ONUs, called multicast packets. The data stream is divided into n independent signals after passing through the optical splitter, and each signal contains all specific data packets. When the ONU receives the data stream, each ONU extracts the data packets destined for itself according to the specific address information, and discards those data packets with different address information.
2. Upstream data flow uses time division multiple access (TDMA) technology
During the transmission of the EPON signal, the upstream data is sent from multiple ONUs to the OLT in a time division multiple access mode. Each ONU is assigned a transmission time slot. These time slots are synchronized. Therefore, when data packets are coupled to an optical fiber, different ONUs will not cause interference. For example, ONU1 transmits data packet 1 in the first time slot, ONU2 transmits data packet 2 in the second unoccupied time slot, and ONUn transmits data packet n in the nth unoccupied time slot, so that transmission conflicts can be avoided.
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