From telegrams and telephones to mobile phones, from 1G to 4G, communication technology brings endless convenience and well-being to humans and society. Now we are welcoming the 5G era, what is 5G?
Is 5G just faster? of course not.
5G is no longer just an increase in network speed from 2G.txt to 3G.jpg to 4G.avi, but extends the communication between people to the connection of everything, creating a fully mobile and fully connected digital society.
5G applications are no longer just mobile phones, it will target future VR/AR, smart city, smart agriculture, industrial internet, car networking, driverless, smart home, smart medical, drone, emergency security and more.
What does this mean? Some operators have defined 5G as a thorough innovation in the white paper.
If we put a technological innovation into four categories: incremental innovation, modular innovation, structural innovation and thorough innovation, from 2G to 4G is a gradual improvement in spectrum efficiency and security, and it is also under the maintenance of a centralized network architecture. Modular innovation, as well as architectural innovations that evolved from a network architecture to a flattening and separation.
However, at 5G, in addition to providing mobile phone services in the 1G to 4G era, it is also necessary to provide discontinuous and new capabilities for various new services, which is a complete innovation for mobile communications.
Evolution and innovation of network architecture
The mobile network architecture mainly includes the core network and the wireless access network, from 2G to 4G, and its architecture evolution is such...
In the 5G era, the mobile network introduced 5G network element devices in a step-by-step manner.
In the first step, the 5G NR (new wireless) is advanced, and the 5G base station (gNodeB) and the 4G base station (eNodeB) jointly access the 4G core network in a dual connection manner.
In the second step, the 5G base station independently accesses the 5G core network (NGCN, the next generation core network).
In the third step, the 5G base station and the 4G base station all access the 5G core network, and the 4G core network exits the historical stage.
The evolution of the above 5G network architecture seems to be the same overall. In fact, when we separate the core network from the wireless access network, the internal architecture has undergone a subversive change.
First compare how the 4G base station and the 5G base station access the core network?
As can be seen from the above figure, the name of the core network element has changed, and the MME/S-GW in the 4G era has become the AMF/UPF of the 5G era.
Speaking of this AMF/UPF, we must mention the SBA 5G core network infrastructure that we are proud of, led by China Mobile.
â–²5G system service architecture
This is a framework based on the original design principles of the cloud. It is not only necessary to virtualize the traditional 4G core network element NFV, but also to further modularize the network function to realize the leap from staying in the cloud to fully utilizing the cloud to realize the future. Software-based, modular approach Flexibly and quickly assemble and deploy business applications.
AMF: Full name Core Access and Mobility Management FuncTIon, responsible for control plane mobility and access management, instead of the ability to not MME.
UPF: The full name User plane FuncTIon is responsible for the user plane, which replaces the SGW and PGW that performed routing and forwarding functions in the original 4G.
What has changed in the wireless access network? Separation, separation, separation.
As shown in the above figure, the first is the separation of the control plane and the user plane; secondly, the base station is separated into three parts: AAU, DU and CU.
5G wireless key technologies: micro base station and Massive MIMO
The capacity of 5G is 1000 times that of 4G, and the peak rate is 10Gbps-20Gbps. To increase capacity and speed is nothing more than three-axe: spectrum bandwidth, spectrum efficiency and number of cells.
â–²Three-axe axe to increase network capacity
Using a formula to express it is like this...
First of all, the spectrum bandwidth is rich in frequency resources in the high frequency band. At the same time, the current low frequency band of less than 3 GHz is basically occupied by 2/3/4G, so 5G has to be extended to the high frequency band of 3.5 GHz to 30 GHz (or higher).
The problem is that the higher the frequency band, the worse the penetration ability and the smaller the coverage.
How to do? This leads to two key technologies of 5G: Massive MIMO and Small Cells.
Undoubtedly, micro base stations have become the key to solving network coverage and capacity in the future. In the future, various street facilities such as street lights, billboards, and poles will become the places where small base stations are called.
Massive MIMO is a MU-MIMO that configures a large-scale antenna array far more than the existing system on the base station side to serve multiple users simultaneously. It can greatly improve the efficiency of wireless spectrum, enhance network coverage and system capacity. In short, it is through diversity technology to improve transmission reliability, spatial multiplexing to enhance data rate, and beamforming to improve coverage.
MU-MIMO combines multiple terminals for spatial multiplexing, and antennas of multiple terminals are used simultaneously. Thus, a large number of base station antennas and terminal antennas form a large-scale virtual MIMO channel system. This is to think more about improving system capacity from the perspective of the entire network.
Beamforming means that a large-scale multi-antenna system can control the phase and signal amplitude of the transmitted (or received) signal of each antenna element, produce a directional beam, eliminate interference from all directions, and enhance the beam direction signal. It compensates for wireless propagation losses.
At the China International Information and Communication Exhibition (PT Exhibition) held last year, the author saw the Massive MIMO of major manufacturers.
It is said that during this year, Massive MIMO products of major manufacturers are constantly updated and improved. We believe that we can see more updated equipment at this year's PT exhibition.
3 5G is a fusion innovation
5G ultra-high-speed Internet access and the Internet of Everything will produce massive data exponentially rising, which requires cloud storage and cloud computing, and produces value through big data analysis and artificial intelligence.
At the same time, in order to face the diversified and differentiated 5G services in the future, a virtualization and cloud-based ICT convergence technology revolution is driving network reconfiguration and transformation.
In order to flexibly respond to diversified services such as smart city, car networking, and Internet of Things, network segmentation is enabled, and the core network is based on cloud native architecture design; facing the challenges of millisecond delay, massive data storage and computing, cloud computing emerges as the times require. The C-RAN architecture and real-time mobile edge computing (MEC) were introduced. From the core network to the access network, the future 5G network will deploy a large amount of computing and storage in the cloud infrastructure. The core data center and the distributed cloud data center constitute the key nodes of the network topology.
This is a revolution in data from mass to qualitative change triggered by massive data. It is a revolution in technological innovation to promote social progress. Therefore, 5G needs to cooperate with various industries and vertical fields to stimulate innovation and continue to Society creates value.
China 5G is at the forefront of the world
China has clearly defined the development goals and directions for the future 5G from the national macro level. "Made in China 2025" proposes to comprehensively break through 5G technology and break through the core technology and system architecture of "Future Network"; in the "13th Five-Year Plan", "13th Five-Year National Informationization Plan", and "National Informatization Development" Among the important documents such as the Strategic Outline, it is proposed to actively promote the development of the 5G industry.
For 5G, the intensive preparations for the communication industry in China have begun: from standard discussion and formulation, to product development and deployment, to testing of device performance functions, everything is for 5G take-off.
To this end, China has built the world's largest 5G field test environment in Huairou, Beijing. Huawei, ZTE, Ericsson, Nokia Bell, Datang, Intel and other important global systems, chips, instrumentation and other fields have participated in the project.
In June 2017, China's IMT-2020 (5G) promotion group announced the 5G phase II test, and the test results fully met the ITU targets. It is reported that during the PT exhibition to be held this year, the second phase of China's 5G technology test results will be further released.
All in all, 5G is a revolution. It is driven by technology, from the connection of people to the Internet of Everything, from individuals and families to all areas of society, and thus revolutionizing the social economy and life.
Some people say that 4G is enough. IBM's old Watson once said that only five computers are needed in the world. Bill Gates also said that 640K of memory is enough.
For the 5G technology and the ecological revolution, it is obviously not an "enough" problem, but a question of "can you innovate more".
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