Perpetual motion machines have always fascinated people, and this once-and-for-all machine attracts people to explore. However, the everyday ordinary light bulb is actually similar to this kind of machine, and its life span can reach 100 years. The longest light bulb recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records is a "hundred years old lamp". It has been used in a fire station in Livermore, California since 1901, but its lighting effect is limited, and its rated power is only 4 watts, only a little brighter than the flame of the candle.
The Economist said that the secret of longevity of the "100-year-old lamp" is rarely extinguished. The natural wear and tear of most bulbs is caused by repeated thermal expansion and contraction of the filament during the switching of the lamp. As time goes on, the tungsten filament lamp will gradually evaporate and generate a lot of soot in the bulb, and the filament function will be reduced and the brightness will be lowered.
The relationship between the brightness of an incandescent lamp and the time of use is complex, in simple terms, depending on the voltage used, the quality of the production, and the frequency of the switching lights. If the voltage is reduced by 5%, the life of the bulb will increase by more than 2 times, but the brightness will also decrease by 20%. Therefore, one can select the appropriate combination of voltage and brightness as needed. For example, the floodlights used in theaters are adjustable in brightness, but at the expense of shortened life.
In addition, the higher the temperature of the bulb, the greater its brightness, and the maximum temperature of the bulb depends on the melting point of the tungsten filament. The operating temperature of the cinema projection lamp is only 50 degrees lower than the melting point of the filament. It must be replaced every 50 hours or so, but its efficiency is as high as 35 lumens per watt (the energy unit of the beam). In contrast, a traditional 100-watt bulb is only 17 lumens per watt, and a 60-watt bulb is about 14 lumens per watt, but has a lifespan of 750-1000 hours.
A fatal weakness of incandescent lamps is that 90% of their power is dissipated in the form of heat rather than light, with a power efficiency of only 2%. Therefore, the world is currently vigorously promoting the use of energy-saving lamps, LED lamps have an efficiency of more than 10%, and life expectancy generally ranges from 5 to 25 years.
According to statistics, electricity consumed by lighting accounts for about 9% of electricity consumption in the United States. The use of energy-saving lamps or LED lights instead of incandescent lamps can reduce 150 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year, equivalent to a reduction of 5 million vehicles on the road.
At present, countries all over the world have begun to phase out the use of incandescent lamps. In the United States, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 requires a 30% increase in general lighting efficiency from 2012 to 2015, which requires the sale of traditional incandescent lamps to be discontinued by 2012, but this requirement is not mandatory. In fact, when all the ordinary lights sold in the United States can achieve an efficiency of 45 lm/W, this goal can be achieved, and the more likely time is 2020.
Energy-saving lamps also have some shortcomings. For example, although the service life is as long as 10,000 hours and the electricity cost can be saved by 40 dollars, the initial price of purchasing energy-saving lamps is high, and the long lighting time and frequent switching may lead to shortened life.
Source: People's Network
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