As engineers become familiar with the technology and advantages of digital power, a wide variety of digital power sources are gaining momentum. Power system and power supply designers have realized that deploying digital power is not a completely new design that revolutionizes the state of the art. Due to the wide variety of digital power devices on the market today, designers can immediately take advantage of their enormous advantages and apply them to any design project. Here you can get extremely valuable and quite rich income.
Digital power supply size and cost overview
Digital power utilizes the evolution of mixed-signal processing development. Mixed signal processing meets the needs of both digital and analog circuits. Digital circuits come in a wide range of microprocessors, state machines, and communication peripherals and simple logic circuits. The memory is also included in this section. Analog circuits can include op amps and comparators, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), digital-to-analog converter (DAC) pulse width modulator (PWM) generators and references, and many more. The full use of this processing technology allows these devices to optimize the distribution of analog and digital circuits while integrating these devices on a single chip. System cost can be reduced by reducing bill of materials (BOM) costs and device count, and the system is more reliable due to fewer interconnect components included in the system. Since a controller is likely to serve many solutions, manufacturers need to track and reserve fewer minimum stock units (SKUs).
For example, integrating a multi-purpose microcontroller (MCU) can perform a range of power-related functions, eliminating the need for other independent control chips. Many power management features such as overvoltage, undervoltage, overcurrent conditions, and other features can be set for the integrated MCU. Depending on the processing power of the digital MCU, digital power devices can be configured to include a variety of power conversion features, such as simple to complex topology support, adaptive loop compensation, slope compensation for peak current mode control, current sharing, and temperature compensation. . Another example is the provision of power factor correction (PFC), which simultaneously performs electronic metering. By providing a variety of digital power devices, designers can choose the most appropriate feature for their application without worrying about the burden of other useless features.
Power topology flexibility
The inherent flexibility of digital technology makes a digital power supply unit with an integrated digital MCU or configurable state machine a platform that supports all major traditional power supply topologies. This platform also supports any new and more sophisticated topologies that are likely to emerge. Supported topologies will include phase-shifted full-bridge, multi-phase interleaved PFC, bridgeless PFC, resonant LLC, bidirectional DC/DC, bidirectional DC/AC and PFC, three-phase inverter, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) DC/DC And other topologies. Thanks to this flexibility and integrated peripherals, digital power devices provide precise waveform control by using high-resolution phase, frequency, and duty cycle control algorithms.
effectiveness
Advanced control algorithms enable digital power devices to increase power and system efficiency, reducing power consumption in power and host systems. This has a significant impact on the operating costs of many applications, such as data centers and mass storage systems. Adaptive digital control enables fast regulation to change line and load conditions to optimize power and system efficiency. For example, for more efficient power transfer, the power stage control method can be changed in real time, or the power conversion can be adjusted to reduce its power consumption under light load or no load conditions.
Reliability and safety
Digital power devices easily interact with other digital and analog components in the system, which means they can effectively improve the reliability and security of the host system by performing system-level monitoring and fault response. In fact, the programmable nature of digital controllers enables them to support multi-protocol communication over a variety of buses, such as PMBus, I2C, SCI, SPI, CAN, and other types of buses, so that the system can easily communicate with the power supply. System communication. By monitoring and recording data throughout the system, digital power technology helps system diagnostics, providing early and false alarms, and the system can take appropriate action.
Wide Bandgap (WBG) Compatibility
Rather than waiting for new analog controllers that can meet the new features of WBG devices, some digital power solutions are not as good as they are now. While providing extremely high resolution timing control, combined with digital power supply support for all power supply topologies, new devices such as gallium nitride (GaN) can be used for higher switching frequencies, lower switching losses, and greater In high-level topology with power density and zero reverse recovery.
TI's digital power innovation
Texas Instruments' digital power technology portfolio is the most comprehensive product library in the industry today. While other vendors may be able to offer professional digital power solutions for one or several market segments of the industry, TI's broad portfolio of digital power innovations can meet any possible design need.
In general, digital power technology is used in many applications, from relatively simple functions to the most complex power management tasks. The digital power market is often subdivided into four different device types, each with its own advantages and solutions. These devices are: Digital Power Controllers; Analog Power Regulators with Digital Interface; Digital Power Sequencer; Digital Hot Swap Controller. Next, each product category will be explained and some of the devices in TI's digital power product library will be discussed.
Digital power controller
Digital power controllers regulate the output of different types of power supplies, from AC/DC to DC/AC power supplies, isolated DC/DC, point-of-load (POL) regulators, power regulators and filters, and other devices. Because of their integrated MCU and power-specific peripherals, digital power controllers have the computational power required to simultaneously perform loop compensation and manage feedback loops to maintain proper output regulation or regulation, as well as perform other system-level monitoring. And the ability to stabilize the task. These devices are equipped with peripherals optimized for power management applications.
TI's digital power controllers have some unique features in the industry. For example, their high frequency and high resolution operation make them compatible with GaN technology, providing high switching speeds and low power losses. In addition, all of TI's digital power controllers feature exceptional transient response and dynamic performance. These features are implemented by different technologies. In some cases, digital power controllers are designed for very fast interrupts, which reduces the delay between control loop sampling and response calculations. In other cases, peripherals integrated with dedicated ADCs and computational engines are used to provide fast response to the control loop. Often, these fast response capabilities allow the controller to reduce the impact of differences between power stage components.
The MCU programmability integrated into the TI digital power controller makes them fully configurable and capable of controlling complex topologies, as well as bidirectional, polyphase reordering and phase correction, adaptive dead time control, and other modes of operation. In addition, these controllers can be configured to support system level monitoring, metering, and communication on a variety of buses including PMBus. This enables precision power management processes such as online diagnostics and reporting, field power data acquisition, to optimize the design, and new parameters can be written to the controller via the digital interface. Because of this, multiple topologies can be used to monitor the control loop. In fact, by using the digital compensation of the controller, it is possible to completely avoid the execution of control loops with external components. The monitoring and data logging performed by the controller can also form the basis for early fault alarms, which in turn allows the system to take steps to reduce the impact of these faults.
C2000 TM Microcontroller
Design flexibility and ease of development make the TI C2000 MCU a core component of many power system designs in a wide range of applications. With the full programmability of the advanced C language and easily configurable configuration variables, the C2000 MCUs have demonstrated their power to form the basis of many platform architectures that can be easily adapted to meet specific design needs. , which also includes the most advanced power supply topology. The highly configurable combination of PWM and ADC enables the C2000 MCU to support the most sophisticated power control functions. The modular software library available in C accelerates the intuitive development of system-level applications. TI's C2000 real-time C28x processing core has up to 200MHz of processing power to support the most sophisticated power systems. In addition to its main processing core, the C2000 MCU features a RISC-based Control Law Accelerator (CLA) real-time coprocessor with speed processing capability of up to 200MHz. These two completely different processing resources enable efficient partitioning of processing loads. The CLA can take control loop processing and other real-time tasks, reducing the burden on the main core to handle these tasks, so that the main core can be dedicated to communication protocol processing or additional control. Loop-controlled housekeeping tasks. This makes the entire power system more efficient and responsive. With up to 12 pairs of high-speed, high-resolution PWM (resolution resolution 150ps) and many other resources, the C2000 MCU can drive high switching frequencies and a large number of phase or power rails while reducing design size. The integrated high-speed ADC has a processing speed of up to 4MSPS and a resolution of up to 16 bits. The C2000 MCU also supports the most common real-time communication protocols, including I2C, SCI, SPI, CAN, and PMBus.
By integrating all of the resources required for a precision control architecture into an easy-to-programmable, configurable device, the C2000 MCU reduces the hardware complexity of the rest of the system while reducing size and cost. High-resolution ADCs and DACs synchronized with multiple PWM events enable wide control, and on-chip functionality, including slope compensation circuitry, supports peak current modes and other sophisticated control mechanisms. Several integrated resources, such as comparators and trigger zone inputs from multiple sources, enable multiple protection functions for the power stage, including overvoltage, undervoltage, and overcurrent protection. The redundancy provided by multiple on-chip clocks improves the reliability of the power system by backing up the clock source. In fact, the C2000 MCU features a 3-clock protection system configuration in which one clock automatically switches to the alternate clock in the event of another clock failure.
development tools
Developers have applied C2000 MCUs to the design of digital power systems to take advantage of the vast amount of software and hardware that simplifies the development process, and engineers who don't know much about digital power components can get up to speed quickly. . By leveraging TI's powerSUITETM graphics software tools (part of the controlSUITETM software package), designers can quickly upgrade and complete a development project. Designers can quickly adopt one of the TI's digital power libraries with fully tested software modules for applications such as PFC, AC/DC rectification, isolated DC/DC, DC/DC buck converters and DC/AC converter applications. powerSUITE application-specific software modules to meet the specific needs of their systems. No need to write code for the new system from scratch. The powerSUITE Software Frequency Response Analyzer (SFRA) automates the design of frequency response analysis, while the powerSUITE compensation design tool enables the development of different types of comparators to optimize closed-loop performance. In addition, TI's Code Composer StudioTM Integrated Development Environment (IDE) supports any additional software development required.
An application-specific evaluation module (EVM) host and development board also speeds up the prototype design and experimentation process. An interesting example of these innovative EVMs is the plug-in daughter board for the digital power BoosterPack, the C2000 PiccoloTM F28069 LaunchPad development kit. The BoosterPack shown in Figure 1 includes a digital buck converter and tools that introduce digital power control concepts and simplify the practical design of the digital power control subsystem.
Figure 1. Digital Power BoosterPack, a plug-in daughter board for the C2000 Piccolo F28069 LaunchPad Development Kit
application
The power system controlled by the C2000 MCU provides flexibility, processing power and on-chip resources for many of the most complex power applications. These applications include micro-inverters, string inverters and centralized inverters for solar applications, power line communication modems for smart grids, automotive applications for electric and hybrid vehicle charging systems, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Lighting, power conditioners, active power filters, UPS, digital generators and many other devices.
Use case analysis
The server system provides a number of examples of how the power of the C2000 MCU can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of your application. Integrated into the rack of the server, the C2000 MCU-based power system closely monitors and reports the operational status of each blade service within the rack while controlling the power distribution of all servers within the rack. By using the C2000 MCU, you can improve overall server power-on time and efficiency.
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