In recent years, with the development of society, PLC programmable controllers have been widely used in industrial production, and the requirements for use by technicians are also increasing year by year. Therefore, the requirements for normal and stable operation of the system are getting higher and higher. The reliability of the PLC product itself can be guaranteed, but some incorrect operations in the application will have a certain impact. Today, Xiaobian has compiled some tips for daily use of PLC, and hopes to help everyone in using PLC every day.
Grounding problem
The PLC system grounding requirements are more stringent. It is best to have an independent dedicated grounding system. Also note that other equipment related to the PLC must be reliably grounded. When multiple circuit ground points are connected together, unexpected currents can occur, causing logic errors or damaging the circuit. The reason for generating different grounding potentials is usually because the grounding points are too far apart in the physical area. When devices that are far apart are connected by communication cables or sensors, the current between the cable and the ground will Through the entire circuit, even within a short distance, the load current of a large device can change between it and the ground potential, or directly generate an unpredictable current through electromagnetic action. Between power supplies at incorrect ground points, there is a potential for devastating currents in the circuit that can damage the equipment. The PLC system generally uses a one-point grounding method. In order to improve the anti-common mode interference capability, the shielded floating technology can be used for the analog signal, that is, the shielding layer of the signal cable is grounded at one point, the signal loop is floating, and the insulation resistance with the ground is not less than 50MΩ.
Anti-interference treatment
The environment at the industrial site is harsh and there are many high and low frequency disturbances. These disturbances are typically introduced into the PLC via a cable connected to the field device. In addition to grounding measures, in the design of cables and installation facilities, some anti-interference measures should be taken:
1. The analog signal is a small signal and is highly susceptible to external interference. Double-layer shielded cable should be used.
2. High-speed pulse signals (such as pulse sensors, counting chips, etc.) should use shielded cables to prevent external interference and prevent high-speed pulse signals from interfering with low-level signals;
3. The communication cable frequency between PLCs is relatively high. Generally, the cables provided by the manufacturer should be selected. In case of low requirements, shielded twisted pair cables can be used.
4. The analog signal line and the DC signal line cannot be routed in the same line slot as the AC signal line;
5. The shielded cable that is introduced into the control cabinet must be grounded and connected directly to the equipment without the terminal;
6. AC signal, DC signal and analog signal cannot share one cable. Power cable should be laid separately from signal cable.
In the field maintenance, the method to solve the interference is: use shielded cable for the disturbed line, re-lay; add anti-interference filter code in the program.
Eliminate line capacitance to avoid malfunction
There is capacitance between the wires of the cable, and the qualified cable can limit this capacitance to a certain range. Even for qualified cables, when the cable length exceeds a certain length, the capacitance value between the wires will exceed the required value. When this cable is used for PLC input, the inter-line capacitance may cause PLC malfunction. There will be many incomprehensible phenomena. These phenomena are mainly manifested as: the wiring is correct, but the PLC has no input; the PLC should have some inputs, but there should be some, that is, the PLC inputs interfere with each other. In order to solve this problem, it should be done: 1. Use cables with cable cores twisted together; 2. Minimize the length of cable used; 3. Use cables for interference with each other; 4. Use shielded cables.
Selection of output modules
The output module is divided into a transistor, a two-way thyristor, and a contact type.
Transistor type has the fastest switching speed (generally 0.2ms), but the load capacity is the smallest, about 0.2~0.3A, 24VDC. It is suitable for fast switching and signal connection equipment. It is generally connected with signal such as frequency conversion and DC device. Pay attention to transistor leakage. The effect of current on the load.
The advantages of the thyristor type are non-contact, AC load characteristics, and low load capacity.
The relay output has AC and DC load characteristics and a large load capacity. In the conventional control, the relay contact type output is generally selected first. The disadvantage is that the switching speed is slow, generally about 10ms, which is not suitable for high frequency switching applications.
Inverter overvoltage and overcurrent processing
When the motor is decelerated by the given setting, the motor enters the regenerative braking state, and the energy fed back to the inverter by the motor is also high. These energy are stored in the filter capacitor, so that the voltage on the capacitor rises and reaches DC quickly. The overvoltage protection setting causes the frequency converter to trip.
The treatment method is: taking a measure of adding a braking resistor outside the frequency converter, and using the resistor to consume the regenerative electric energy fed back to the DC side of the motor.
The inverter has multiple small motors. When one of the small motors has an overcurrent fault, the inverter will over-current fault alarm, causing the inverter to trip, which will cause other normal small motors to stop working.
The treatment method is as follows: 1:1 isolation transformer is installed on the output side of the inverter. When one or several small motors have an overcurrent fault, the fault current DC strikes the transformer instead of striking the inverter, thus preventing the inverter from falling. brake. After the experiment, the work was good, and the failure of the previous normal motor was also stopped.
Mark input and output for easy maintenance
The PLC controls a complex system. What you can see is the two rows of staggered input and output relay terminals, the corresponding indicator lights and the PLC number, just like an integrated circuit with dozens of feet. Anyone who does not look at the schematic to troubleshoot the faulty device will be at a loss, and the speed of finding the fault will be particularly slow. In view of this situation, we draw a table according to the electrical schematic diagram, attached to the console or control cabinet of the equipment, indicating the electrical symbol corresponding to each PLC input and output terminal number, Chinese name, that is, similar integrated circuit tubes Description of the function of the foot. With this input and output form, the electrician who understands the operation process or is familiar with the ladder diagram of this equipment can carry out maintenance. But for those electricians who are not familiar with the operation process and will not look at the ladder diagram, they need to draw another table: PLC input and output logic function table. This table actually illustrates the logical correspondence between the input loop (trigger component, associated component) and the output loop (actuator) during most of the operation. Practice has proved that if you can skillfully use the input and output correspondence table and the input and output logic function table, it is easy to repair electrical faults without drawings.
Inferring faults through program logic
There are many kinds of PLCs that are often used in the industry. For low-end PLCs, the ladder instructions are similar. For medium and high-end machines, such as the S7-300, many programs are written in language tables. The practical ladder diagram must have Chinese symbol annotation, otherwise it is very difficult to read. If you can understand the equipment process or operation process before looking at the ladder diagram, it seems easier. If the electrical fault analysis is carried out, the reverse check method or the inverse push method is generally applied, that is, according to the input/output correspondence table, the output relay corresponding to the PLC is found from the fault point, and the logical relationship satisfying the action is started. Experience has shown that when a problem is found, the fault can be basically eliminated, because there are not many fault points where the device has two or more simultaneous occurrences.
PLC self failure judgment
In general, PLC is an extremely reliable device, the failure rate is very low, the probability of hardware damage such as PLC, CPU, etc. or software operation error is almost zero. If the PLC input point is not caused by strong power intrusion, it will hardly be damaged. The normally open point of the PLC output relay. If the peripheral load is not short-circuited or the design is unreasonable, the load current is out of the rated range, and the contact life is also very long. Therefore, we look for electrical fault points, the focus is on the peripheral electrical components of the PLC, do not always suspect that there is a problem with the PLC hardware or the program, which is very important for quickly repairing the faulty equipment and quickly recovering the production, so I talked about it. The electrical fault diagnosis of the PLC control loop is not focused on the PLC itself, but on the peripheral electrical components in the loop controlled by the PLC.
Make full use of software and hardware resources
Instructions that do not participate in the control loop or have been put in before the loop may not be connected to the PLC;
When multiple commands control a task, they can be connected in parallel to the PLC and then connected to an input point.
Try to use the PLC internal functional devices to fully call the intermediate state, so that the program has complete consistency and is easy to develop. At the same time, it also reduces hardware investment and reduces costs;
When conditions permit, it is best to independently output each channel, which is convenient for control and inspection, and also protects other output loops; when one output point fails, it will only cause the corresponding output loop to run out of control;
If the output is a positive/reverse control load, it must not only be interlocked from the PLC internal program, but also take measures outside the PLC to prevent the load from moving in both directions;
The emergency stop of the PLC should be cut off with an external switch to ensure safety.
Other considerations
Do not connect the AC power cord to the input terminal to avoid burning the PLC.
The grounding terminal shall be grounded independently and not connected in series with the grounding of other equipment. The cross-sectional area of ​​the grounding wire shall not be less than 2mm2;
Auxiliary power supply is small, and can only drive low-power equipment (photoelectric sensors, etc.);
Some PLCs have a certain number of bits (ie, empty address terminals), do not connect the wires;
When there is no protection in the PLC output circuit, a protective device such as a fuse should be used in series in the external circuit to prevent damage caused by short-circuit of the load.
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